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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
A folk culture is a small isolated1, cohesive2, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan3 structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount4, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively5 little division of labor6 into specialized7 duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect8 that largely renounces9 the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn10 buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles11. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut "humility12", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism13 for maintaining order.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous14 group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular15 institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.
1 isolated | |
adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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2 cohesive | |
adj.有粘着力的;有结合力的;凝聚性的 | |
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3 clan | |
n.氏族,部落,宗族,家族,宗派 | |
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4 paramount | |
a.最重要的,最高权力的 | |
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5 relatively | |
adv.比较...地,相对地 | |
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6 labor | |
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦 | |
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7 specialized | |
adj.专门的,专业化的 | |
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8 sect | |
n.派别,宗教,学派,派系 | |
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9 renounces | |
v.声明放弃( renounce的第三人称单数 );宣布放弃;宣布与…决裂;宣布摒弃 | |
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10 drawn | |
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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11 automobiles | |
n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 ) | |
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12 humility | |
n.谦逊,谦恭 | |
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13 mechanism | |
n.机械装置;机构,结构 | |
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14 heterogeneous | |
adj.庞杂的;异类的 | |
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15 secular | |
n.牧师,凡人;adj.世俗的,现世的,不朽的 | |
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