-
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin2 that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence3 of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn4 by the prospect5 of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating6 mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted7 the older, main cities. As a defense8 against this encroachment9 and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed10 most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers11 took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.
With the acceleration12 of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous13 proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction14 line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys15 were retired16 and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed17 metropolis18. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts19.
1 suburbanization | |
郊区城市化 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
2 margin | |
n.页边空白;差额;余地,余裕;边,边缘 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
3 emergence | |
n.浮现,显现,出现,(植物)突出体 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
4 drawn | |
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
5 prospect | |
n.前景,前途;景色,视野 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
6 proliferating | |
激增( proliferate的现在分词 ); (迅速)繁殖; 增生; 扩散 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
7 abutted | |
v.(与…)邻接( abut的过去式和过去分词 );(与…)毗连;接触;倚靠 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
8 defense | |
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
9 encroachment | |
n.侵入,蚕食 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
10 annexed | |
[法] 附加的,附属的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
11 maneuvers | |
n.策略,谋略,花招( maneuver的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句: |
|
|
12 acceleration | |
n.加速,加速度 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
13 disastrous | |
adj.灾难性的,造成灾害的;极坏的,很糟的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
14 traction | |
n.牵引;附着摩擦力 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
15 trolleys | |
n.(两轮或四轮的)手推车( trolley的名词复数 );装有脚轮的小台车;电车 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
16 retired | |
adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
17 dispersed | |
adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
18 metropolis | |
n.首府;大城市 | |
参考例句: |
|
|
19 tracts | |
大片土地( tract的名词复数 ); 地带; (体内的)道; (尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的)短文 | |
参考例句: |
|
|