万物简史 第640期:神秘的两足动物(18)

All this is problematic enough when you are the intellectual master of the planet,but when you are a small, vulnerable australopithecine, with a brain about thesize of an orange, the risk must have been enormous. Absolute brain size doesnot tell you everything-or possibly sometimes even much. Elephants and whalesboth have brains larger than ours, but you wouldn't have much troubleoutwitting them in contract negotiations¹. It is relative size that matters, apoint that is often overlooked. As Gould notes, A. africanus had a brain ofonly 450 cubic centimeters, smaller than that of a gorilla². But a typical africanus male weighed less than a hundred pounds, and a female much lessstill, whereas gorillas³ can easily top out at 600 pounds (Gould pp. 181-83).

即使在今天，当你已经成为这个星球的智力发达的主人时，这一切依然是个大问题。而对于矮小而又容易受到伤害的南方古猿来说，婴儿降生时的脑大约有一只柑橘那么大（注：诚然，脑的绝对大小并不能说明一切——有时甚至不能说明很多。大象和鲸的脑都比我们大，但是和它们相比你显然聪明许多。脑的大小只是一个相对重要的数据，一个常常可以忽略不计的数据。正如古尔德所指出的那样，南猿非洲种的脑只有450立方厘米，比大猩猩的要小。而一个典型的南猿非洲种体重小于45千克，女性则更轻，而大猩猩的体重则大都重达150多千克。），危险性肯定很大。

Sowhy did Lucy and her kind come down from the trees and out of the forests?Probably they had no choice. The slow rise of the Isthmus⁴ of Panama had cut theflow of waters from the Pacific into the Atlantic, diverting warming currentsaway from the Arctic and leading to the onset⁵ of an exceedingly sharp ice agein northern latitudes⁶. In Africa, this would have produced seasonal⁷ drying andcooling, gradually turning jungle into savanna⁸. "It was not so much thatLucy and her like left the forests," John Gribbin has written, "butthat the forests left them."

因此，露西和她的同类从树上来到地上，而后又走出非洲丛林，这是为什么？他们很可能别无选择。巴拿马地峡的慢慢上升阻断了太平洋的海水流进大西洋，改变了流向北极的暖流的方向，使得北纬地区出现了异常寒冷的冰川期。在非洲，季节性干燥和寒冷气候的出现逐渐使得森林变成了草原。“与其说露西和她的同类离开了森林，”约翰·格里宾写道，“不如说是森林离开了他们。”

1 negotiations   

协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过

参考例句：

• negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
• Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。

2 gorilla   

n.大猩猩，暴徒，打手

参考例句：

• I was awed by the huge gorilla.那只大猩猩使我惊惧。
• A gorilla is just a speechless animal.猩猩只不过是一种不会说话的动物。

3 gorillas   

n.大猩猩( gorilla的名词复数 )；暴徒，打手

参考例句：

• the similitude between humans and gorillas 人类和大猩猩的相像
• Each family of gorillas is led by a great silverbacked patriarch. 每个大星星家族都由一个魁梧的、长着银色被毛的族长带领着。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 isthmus   

n.地峡

参考例句：

• North America is connected with South America by the Isthmus of Panama.巴拿马海峡把北美同南美连接起来。
• The north and south of the island are linked by a narrow isthmus.岛的北部和南部由一条狭窄的地峡相连。

5 onset   

n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始

参考例句：

• The drug must be taken from the onset of the infection.这种药必须在感染的最初期就开始服用。
• Our troops withstood the onset of the enemy.我们的部队抵挡住了敌人的进攻。

6 latitudes   

纬度

参考例句：

• Latitudes are the lines that go from east to west. 纬线是从东到西的线。
• It was the brief Indian Summer of the high latitudes. 这是高纬度地方的那种短暂的晚秋。

7 seasonal   

adj.季节的，季节性的

参考例句：

• The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
• The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。

8 savanna   

n.大草原

参考例句：

• The savanna is also the home of meat-eaters--the lion,leopard,and hyena who feed on the grasseaters.大草原也是食肉动物的家乡--狮子、豹、鬣狗--它们都是以草食动物维持生命的。
• They sped upon velvet wheels across an exhilarant savanna.他们的马车轻捷地穿过一片令人赏心悦目的大草原。