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04 Electricity
The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering1 candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.
Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently2 been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.
All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized3 as electrical generators4 that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.
The electric eel5 is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt6 of as much as eight hundred volts7 of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.
1 flickering | |
adj.闪烁的,摇曳的,一闪一闪的 | |
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2 apparently | |
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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3 specialized | |
adj.专门的,专业化的 | |
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4 generators | |
n.发电机,发生器( generator的名词复数 );电力公司 | |
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5 eel | |
n.鳗鲡 | |
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6 jolt | |
v.(使)摇动,(使)震动,(使)颠簸 | |
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7 volts | |
n.(电压单位)伏特( volt的名词复数 ) | |
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