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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
05 The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal1 changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed2 rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites3. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting4 area" and the "auditorium5." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment6 of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed7 the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival8 of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical9 and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
1 seasonal | |
adj.季节的,季节性的 | |
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2 fixed | |
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的 | |
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3 rites | |
仪式,典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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4 acting | |
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的 | |
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5 auditorium | |
n.观众席,听众席;会堂,礼堂 | |
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6 enactment | |
n.演出,担任…角色;制订,通过 | |
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7 mimed | |
v.指手画脚地表演,用哑剧的形式表演( mime的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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8 revival | |
n.复兴,复苏,(精力、活力等的)重振 | |
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9 rhythmical | |
adj.有节奏的,有韵律的 | |
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